[1-DUB]

no it is not. there i said it!!! hahahaha!

[DS]

Noob Thread, Not Even The Longest

[Four]

Did I hear vagina?




















Oui?

[i lol i]

Major dictionaries

The longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis, a 45-letter word which refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles specifically from a volcano. Research has discovered that this word was originally a hoax. It has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning, lending at least some degree of validity to its claim.[3]

The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (30 letters).

The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is flocci*nauci*nihili*pili*fication at 29 letters. Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning "nothing" and defined as "the act of estimating something as worthless", its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741.[5][6][7][8]
Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakit anatahu
Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakit anatahu

Coinages

In his play Assemblywomen (Ecclesiazousae), the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 183 letters which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients:

Lopado*te*macho*se*lacho*galeo*kranio*leipsano*dri mhypo*trimmato*silphio*parao*melito*katakechymeno* kichlepikossypho*phatto*peristeralektryonop*tekeph allio*kigklopeleiol*agoiosiraio*baphetraganop*tery gon,

Henry Carey's farce Chrononhotonthologos (1743) holds the opening line: "Aldiborontiphoscophornio! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos?"

James Joyce made up nine 101-letter words in his novel Finnegans Wake, the most famous of which is Bababadal*gharagh*takammin*arronn*konn*bronn*tonn* erronn*tuonn*thunn*trovarrhoun*awnskawn*toohoo*hoo rdenen*thurnuk. Appearing on the first page, it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve. As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage, it is generally not accepted as a real word. Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar, when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake.

"Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious", the 34-letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins, does appear in several dictionaries, but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title. The attributed meaning is "a word that you say when you don't know what to say." The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman.

Advertising coinages

In 1973, Pepsi's advertising agency Boase Massimi Pollitt used a 100-letter but several-word term "Lip*smackin*thirst*quenchin*acetastin*motivatin*g ood*buzzin*cool*talkin*high*walkin*fast*livin*ever *givin*cool*fizzin" in TV and film advertising.[9]

In 1975, the 71-letter (but several-word) advertising jingle Twoallbeefpattiesspecialsaucelettucecheesepickleso nionsonasesameseedbun was first used in a McDonald's Restaurant advertisement to describe the Big Mac sandwich.[10]

Constructions

English is a language which permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes. This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction. This process can create arbitrarily long words: for example, the prefixes pseudo (false, spurious) and anti (against, opposed to) can be added as many times as desired. A word like anti-aircraft (pertaining to the defense against aircraft) is easily extended to anti-anti-aircraft (pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft, a legitimate concept) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of "anti-"s, each time creating a new level of counteraction. More familiarly, the addition of numerous "great"s to a relative, e.g. great-great-great-grandfather, can produce words of arbitrary length.

"Antidisestablishmentarianism" is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction, as follows (the numbers succeeding the word refer to the number of letters in the word):

establish (9)
to set up, put in place, or institute (originally from the Latin stare, to stand)
dis-establish (12)
ending the established status of a body, in particular a church, given such status by law, such as the Church of England
disestablish-ment (16)
the separation of church and state (specifically in this context it is the political movement of the 1860s in Britain)
anti-disestablishment (20)
opposition to disestablishment
antidisestablishment-arian (25)
an advocate of opposition to disestablishment
antidisestablishmentarian-ism (2
the movement or ideology that opposes disestablishment

The use of additional suffixes could stretch the word to 'antidisestablishmentarianistically,' with 34 letters. Of course, the process need not stop there: prefixes like neo- and contra- can be added.

Technical terms

A number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words.

Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name—it is a kind of amphipod. However, this name, proposed by B. Dybowski, was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriol ic, describing the spa waters at Bath, England, is attributed to Dr Edward Strother (1675-1737).[11] The word is composed of the following elements:

* Aequeo: equal (Latin, aequo[12])
* Salino: containing salt (Latin, salinus)
* Calcalino: calcium (Latin, calx)
* Ceraceo: waxy (Latin, cera)
* Aluminoso: alumina (Latin)
* Cupreo: from "copper"
* Vitriolic: resembling vitriol

John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open-ended system for naming powers of 10, in which one sex*millia*quingent*sexagint*illion, coming from the Latin name for 6560, is the name for 103(6560+1) = 1019683. In British usage, it would be 106(6560) = 1039360.

Names of chemical compounds can be extremely long if written as one word, as is sometimes done. An example of this is sodium*meta*diamino*para*dioxy*arseno*benzoe*methy lene*sulph*oxylate, an arsenic-containing drug. There are also other chemical naming systems, using numbers instead of "meta", "para" etc. as descriptive dividers, breaking up the name, which then no longer can be considered a single long word. One example, with 1,185 letters, is a chemical term referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus.

The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open-ended, giving rise to the 189,819-letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl...isoleucine, the shortened version of a protein also known as titin, or sometimes connectin, which is involved in striated muscle formation. Its empirical formula is C132983H211861N36149O40883S693.

Place names

There is some debate as to whether a place name is a legitimate word.

The longest officially recognized place name in an English-speaking country is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapiki maungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahul (85 letters) which is a hill in New Zealand.

The longest place name in the United States (45 letters) is Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg, a lake in Webster, Massachusetts. It means "Englishmen at Manchaug at the Fishing Place at the Boundary" and is sometimes facetiously translated as "you fish your side of the water, I fish my side of the water, nobody fishes the middle". The lake is known to Americans as Lake Webster. The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester-on-the-Severn, a town in Maryland, and Washington-on-the-Brazos, a notable place in Texas history.
The station sign at Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysilio gogogoch in North Wales
The station sign at Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysilio gogogoch in North Wales

The 58-character name Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysilio gogogoch is the famous name of a town on Anglesey, an island of Wales. This place's name is actually 51 letters long, as certain character groups in Welsh are considered as one letter, for instance ll, ng and ch. It is generally agreed, however, that this invented name, adopted in the mid-19th century, was contrived solely to be the longest name of any town in Britain. The official name of the place is Llanfair*pwllgwyngyll, commonly abbreviated to Llanfairpwll or the somewhat jocular Llanfair PG.

The longest official geographical name in Australia is Mamungkukumpurangkuntjunya Hill.[13] It is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning "where the Devil urinates".[14]

In Ireland, the longest English placename at 22 letters is Muckanaghederdauhaulia (from the Irish language, Muiceanach Idir Dhá Sháile, meaning "pig-marsh between two saltwater inlets") in County Galway. If this is disallowed for being derived from Irish, or not a town, the longest at 19 letters is Newtownmountkennedy in County Wicklow.

It is questionable whether any of the above (with the exception of New*town*mount*kennedy) are properly considered English words, being derived from Maori, Nipmuck, Welsh, Aboriginal and Irish words respectively, or being a conjunction of individual English words.

See also: List of short place names

Scrabble

See also: English words with uncommon properties#Scrabble

Words with certain characteristics of notable length

* Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel.
* Scraunched and schmaltzed are the longest monosyllabic words in current usage.
* Euouae, a medieval musical term, is the longest English word consisting only of vowels, and the word with the most consecutive vowels. However, the "word" itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase "seculorum Amen" at the end of the lesser doxology. (Although u was often used interchangeably with v, and the variant "evovae" is occasionally used, the v in these cases would still be a vowel.)
* The longest words with no repeated letters are dermatoglyphics, misconjugatedly and uncopyrightables.[15]
* The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight-letter Aegilops, a grass genus.
* The longest word with the vowels in order is abstemiously. It and facetiously are the only two English words with all five vowels and the semivowel y in order.

Typed words

* The longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades, aftercataracts,[16] and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses.[17] Using the right hand alone, the longest word that can be typed is johnny-jump-up, or, excluding hyphens, hypolimnion.
* The longest International English words typable using only the top row of letters are proprietor, perpetuity, "repertoire", and typewriter. In American English the word teetertotter (the equivalent of what is known as a see-saw) is longer.
* The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively.[17]
* On a Dvorak keyboard, the longest "left-handed" words are papaya, Kikuyu, opaque, and upkeep.[18] Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger, and so the longest one-fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard. There are no vowels on the right-hand side, and so the longest "right-handed" word is crwth.

Common words in general text

Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text, meaning non-technical present-day text seen by casual readers, in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word. According to Eckler, the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are "deinstitutionalization" and "counterrevolutionaries," with 22 letters each.[19]

Humour

"Smiles" is humorously considered to be the longest word, as there is a mile between the two "s"es. However, by this reckoning "beleaguered" would be the longest, as it contains a league, which is about three miles.

[IdentityX]

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Am I allowed to copy+paste someone else's post? o.O

[dieseL]

Increase Thread Length Post .

[Epidemic]

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[Blacky]

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[Elfs tanker]

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[Blacky]

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[Dan]

Youve seen www.2girls1cup.com, but what about
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[BLaSpHeMy]

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[#21]

[[Image:UOPlayerInteraction.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Pl ayers interacting in ''[[Ultima Online]]'', a classic MMORPG.]]
{{Video RPG}}
'''Massively multiplayer online role-playing game''' ('''MMORPG''') is a genre of [[massively multiplayer]] [[online game|online]] [[computer role-playing game]]s (CRPGs) in which a large number of [[player (game)|players]] interact with one another in a [[virtual world]]. The term MMORPG was coined by [[Richard Garriott]], the creator of [[Ultima Online]], the massive multiplayer online role-playing game credited with popularizing the genre in 1997.<ref>Ultima Online, released in September 1997, is now credited with popularizing the genre. http://wiki.tentonhammer.com/index.php?title=MMORPG</ref>

As in all [[role-playing game|RPGs]], players assume the role of a [[fictional character]] (most commonly in a [[fantasy world]]),<ref name="MMORPG blog?">{{cite web
| url =http://mmorgzone.forumotion.com/index.htm
| title =What IS an MMORPG actually?
| accessdate = 2007-04-01
| author =Tobold
| day =16
| year =2003
| month =July
| publisher =Tobold's MMORPG Blog
}}</ref> and take control over many of that character's actions.<ref name="MMORPG?">{{cite web
| url =http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-mmorpg.htm
| title =What is an MMORPG?
| accessdate = 2007-04-01
| last =Anissimov
| first =Michael
| author =Anissimov, Michael
| year =2007
| publisher =wiseGEEK
| language =English
}}</ref> MMORPGs are distinguished from single-player or small multi-player CRPGs by the number of players, and by the game's [[persistent world]], usually hosted by the game's [[video game publisher|publisher]], which continues to exist and evolve while the player is away from the game.

MMORPGs are very popular throughout the world.<ref name="subscribers">Chart of Subscriber Growth, http://www.mmogchart.com</ref> Worldwide revenues for MMORPGs exceeded half a billion dollars in 2005,<ref name="revenue">{{cite web |url=http://www.parksassociates.com/press/press_releases/2005/gaming-1.html |title=Online Gaming Revenues to Triple by 2009 |accessdate = 2007-05-02 |author=Parks Associates|year=2005}}</ref> and Western revenues exceeded one billion USD in 2006.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Harding-Rolls
| first = Piers
| title = Western World MMOG Market: 2006 Review and Forecasts to 2011
| origyear = 2007
| origmonth = March
| url = http://www.screendigest.com/reports/...F9N/sample.pdf
| format = PDF
| accessdate = 2007-05-17
| publisher = Screen Digest
| location = London, UK
}}</ref>

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<!--Please do not squeeze in a mention of your favorite MMORPG in this section. If it is a notable product or part of history, please add it to a later, appropriate section-->

==Common features==
Although modern MMORPGs sometimes differ dramatically from their antecedents, many of them share some basic characteristics. These include common themes, some form of progression, social interaction within the game, in-game culture, and system architecture. Not all MMORGPS are like that though some may have no chat but you are able to interact with others.

===Themes===
The majority of popular MMORPGs are based on traditional [[fantasy]] themes, often occurring in an in-game universe comparable to that of ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]''.<ref name="MMORPG blog?"/> Some employ hybrid themes that either merge or substitute fantasy elements with those of [[science fiction]], [[sword and sorcery]], or [[crime fiction]]. Still others use more obscure themes, including [[American comic books]], the [[occult]], and other recognizable literary [[genres]].<ref name="MMORPG blog?"/> Often these elements are developed using similar tasks and scenarios involving [[quest (gaming)|quests]],<ref name="MMORPG blog?"/> [[Mob (computer gaming)|monsters]], and [[Looting (gaming)|loot]]. As the MMORPG genre matures, and the search for new consumer niches continues, this variety can only be expected to diversify.

===Progression===
[[Image:Eq2 level 60 mount.jpg|thumb|260px|A highly progressed character from ''[[EverQuest 2]]'', with mount.]]
In nearly all MMORPGs, the development of the player's character is a primary goal.<ref name="MMORPG blog?"/> Many titles feature a character progression system in which players earn [[experience points]] for their actions and use those points to reach character "levels", which makes them better at whatever they do.<ref name="MMORPG blog?"/> Traditionally, combat with [[Mob (computer gaming)|monsters]] and completing quests for [[Non-player character|NPC]]s, either alone or in groups, is the primary way to earn experience points. The accumulation of wealth (including combat-useful items) is also a way to progress in many titles, and again, this is traditionally best accomplished via combat. The cycle produced by these conditions, combat leading to new items allowing for more combat with no change in gameplay, is sometimes pejoratively referred to as the [[level treadmill]],<ref name="MMORPG blog?"/> or 'grinding'. The role-playing game ''[[Progress Quest]]'' was created as a parody of this trend.

Also traditional in the genre is the eventual demand on players to team up with others in order to progress at the optimal rate. This sometimes forces players to change their real-world schedules in order to "keep up" within the game-world. Though some titles recognize this trend as a problem and provide ways to progress within short, unscheduled periods of time, this is still widely criticized of games in the genre.{{Fact|date=July 2007}}

===Social interaction===
MMORPGs always allow players to communicate with one another. Depending on the other interactions allowed by the game, other social expectations will be present.

Many MMORPGs exploit their players' social skills and offer support for in-game [[Clan (computer gaming)|guilds<span style="color:black"> or </span>clans]] (though these will usually form whether the game supports them or not).<ref name="MMORPG blog?"/> As a result, many players will find themselves as either a member or a leader of such a group after playing an MMORPG for some time. These organizations will likely have further expectations for their members (such as intra-guild assistance).
<!--This use of this image has no rationale on the image's page. Please read [[Wikipedia:NFCC#10c]] [[Image:Sand Giant - EverQuest - 1999.jpg|left|thumb|270px|A Sand Giant and a group of players engaged in combat in 1999-era ''EverQuest']]-->

Even if players never join a formal group, they are still usually expected to be a part of a small [[team]] during game play, and will probably be expected to carry out a specialized role. In combat-based MMORPGs, usual roles include the "[[Tank (computer gaming)|tank]]", a character who absorbs enemy blows and protects other members of the team, the "[[Healer (computer gaming)|healer]]", a character responsible for keeping up the health of the party,<ref name="MMORPG blog roles">{{cite web
| url =http://tonioloewald.blogspot.com/2005/02/world-of-warcraft.html
| title = World of Warcraft. MMORPG Suckage. And Other Stories
| accessdate = 2007-04-29
| last = Loewald
| first = Torino
| author = Torino Loewald
| year = 2005
| publisher = blogspot.com
}}</ref> and the "Damage Dealer," a character specializing in inflicting damage. Other common roles include being a dedicated "[[Buff (MMORPG terminology)|buffer]]" or "debuffer", using abilities that affect the team or the opponents in other ways. Any given MMORPG might allow players to take on all of these roles, additional hybrid roles, or none of them. Despite the variability, some players might enjoy one role over others and continue to play it through many different MMORPG titles.

Some MMORPGs also may expect players to [[roleplay]] their characters – that is, to speak and act in the way their character would act, even if it means shying away from other goals such as wealth or experience. However, as this behavior is far from being the norm, most MMORPG players never actually play the roles of their characters.<ref name="NO RP">{{cite web
| url =http://wowvault.ign.com/View.php?view=Columns.Detail&id=102
| title =RP, Where Hast Thou Gone?
| accessdate = 2007-04-29
| last =
| first =
| author = Cenarion Corner
| year =2007
| publisher =IGN.com
}}</ref> Still, MMORPGs may offer "RP-only" servers for those who wish to immerse themselves in the game in this way.

MMORPG's generally have Game Moderators or Game Masters (frequently abbreviated to GM), which may be paid employees or unpaid volunteers who attempt to supervise the world. Some GMs may have additional access to features and information related to the game that are not available to other players and roles.

===Culture===

<!--This use of this image has no rationale on the image's page. Please read [[Wikipedia:NFCC#10c]] [[Image:Modified WoW User Interface.jpg|thumb|260px|A level 70 (currently the highest level attainable) character from ''[[World of Warcraft]]'', with a heavily modified user interface.]]-->
Since MMORPGs have so many elements in common, and those elements are experienced by so many people, a common culture of MMORPGs has developed which exists in addition to the culture present within any given game. For example, since MMORPGs often feature many different character "classes", the games must be balanced in order to be fair to all players, and this has led players of many games to expect "nerfing" or "buffing", which are terms describing the weakening or strengthening of a subset of players, respectively.

As another example, in many older MMORPGs the fastest way to progress was simply by killing the same monsters over and over again, and as this is still common in the genre all MMORPG players know the process as "[[grind (gaming)|grinding]]". The importance of grinding in MMORPGs, and how much "fun" it contributes to the experience, is constantly debated.

MMORPG addiction, which has been a source of concern for parents,<ref>[http://www.indystar.com/apps/pbcs.dl...400/-1/LOCAL17 Indystar on game addiction]</ref> also affects the culture. Some players might look down on those who invest huge amounts of time into a game, while others might scorn those who can't put in the time to "play properly."

Some players have also jokingly viewed real life as an MMORPG.<ref>[http://www.gamespot.com/gamespot/fea...usworld/1.html Gamespot on life as an MMORPPG </ref>

===System architecture===
Most MMORPGs are deployed using a [[client-server]] system architecture. The software that generates and persists the "world" runs continuously on a server, and players connect to it via client software. The client software may provide access to the entire playing world, or further 'expansions' may be required to be purchased to allow access to certain areas of the game. [[Everquest]] and [[World of Warcraft]] are two examples of games that use such a format. Players generally must purchase the client software for a one-time fee, although an increasing trend is for MMORPGs to work using pre-existing "thin" clients, such as a web browser.

Some MMORPGs require payment of a monthly subscription to play. By nature, "massively multiplayer" games are always online, and most require some sort of continuous revenue (such as monthly subscriptions and advertisements) for maintenance and development.

Depending on the number of players and the system architecture, a MMORPG might actually be run on multiple separate servers, each representing an independent world, where players from one server cannot interact with those from another. In many MMORPGs the number of players in one world is often limited to around a few thousands, but a notable example of the opposite is [[EVE Online]] which accommodated around 200,000 players in the same world as of August 2007 and 41,690 users online in December 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eve-online.com/news/newsOfEve.asp?newsID=505|title=EVE Online: Breaks The Wall Yet Again!|}}</ref> Some games allow characters to appear on any world, but not simultaneously, others limit each character to the world in which it was created.

==History==
[[Image:MUDscreen.jpg|thumb|right|260px|[[MUD]], an early multi-user roleplaying game]]
{{main|History of massively multiplayer online role-playing games}}
Although MMORPGs, as defined today, have only existed since the early 1990s,<ref name="MMORPG?"/> all MMORPGs can trace a lineage back to the earliest multi-user games which started appearing in the late 1970s.<ref name="MMORPG?"/> The first of these was ''[[Mazewar]]'', though more would soon be developed for the [[PLATO]] system.<ref name="Koster's Timeline">{{cite web
| url =http://www.raphkoster.com/gaming/mudtimeline.shtml
| title =Online World Timeline
| accessdate = 2007-04-03
| last =Koster
| first =Raph}}</ref> 1984 saw a [[Roguelike]] (semi-graphical) multi-user game, called ''[[Islands of Kesmai]]''.<ref name="Koster's Timeline"/> The first "truly" graphical multi-user RPG was ''[[Neverwinter Nights (AOL game)|Neverwinter Nights]]'', which was delivered through [[America Online]] in 1991 and was personally championed by AOL President [[Steve Case]].<ref name="Koster's Timeline"/> Other early proprietary graphical MMORPGs include three on [[The Sierra Network]]: [[The Shadow of Yserbius]] in 1992, [[The Fates of Twinion]] in 1993, and [[The Ruins of Cawdor]] in 1995.

When [[NSFNET]] restrictions were lifted in 1995, the Internet was opened up to developers, which allowed for the first really "massive" titles. The first success after this point was ''[[Meridian 59]]'', which also featured first-person 3D graphics,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meridian59.com/|title=Welcome to the world of Meridian 59!|accessdate = 2007-04-03}}</ref> although ''[[The Realm Online]]'' appeared nearly simultaneously and may be credited with bringing the genre to a wider player-base.<ref name="Koster's Timeline"/> ''[[Ultima Online]]'', released in 1997, may be credited with first popularizing the genre,<ref name="Koster's Timeline"/> though ''[[Nexus: The Kingdom of the Winds]]'' was primarily responsible for mainstream attention throughout Asia which was released in 1996, about a year earlier than Ultima Online. It was ''[[EverQuest]]'' that brought MMORPGs to the mainstream in the West.<ref name="Koster's Timeline"/>

These early titles' financial success has ensured competition in the genre since that time. MMORPG titles now exist on [[video game console|consoles]] and in new settings, and their players enjoy higher-quality gameplay. The current market for MMORPGs has [[Blizzard]]'s ''[[World of Warcraft]]'' dominating as the largest pay-to-play MMORPG,{{Fact|date=September 2007}} though an additional market exists for [[free-to-play]] MMORPGs, which are supported by advertising and purchases of in-game items. One exception is ''[[Guild Wars]]'', which avoids competition with other MMORPGs by only requiring the initial purchase of the game to play. Though other titles use this pay-structure, Guild Wars remains the only highly popular game of this type.{{Fact|date=September 2007}}

==Psychology==

Since the interactions between MMORPG players are real, even if the environments are not, [[psychologist]]s and [[sociologist]]s are able to use MMORPGs as tools for academic research. [[Sherry Turkle]], a clinical psychologist, has conducted interviews with computer users including game-players. Turkle found that many people have expanded their emotional range by exploring the many different roles (including gender identities) that MMORPGs allow a person to explore.<ref name="turkle">Sherry Turkle (1997), Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet, ISBN 0-684-83348-4</ref>

[[Nick Yee]] has surveyed more than 35,000 MMORPG players over the past few years, focusing on psychological and sociological aspects of these games. Recent findings included that 15% of players become a guild-leader at one time or another, but most generally find the job tough and thankless;<ref name="yee1">{{cite web |url= http://www.nickyee.com/daedalus/archives/001516.php|title= Life as a Guild Leader|accessdate = 2007-05-16 |author = Yee, Nick|authorlink= Nick Yee|coauthors= |date=2006-03-20 |work= The Daedalus Project}}</ref> and that players spend a considerable amount of time (often a third of their total time investment) doing things that are directly-related to, but outside of, the game itself.<ref name="yee2">{{cite web |url= http://www.nickyee.com/daedalus/archives/001535.php|title= Time Spent in the Meta-Game|accessdate = 2007-05-16 |author = Yee, Nick|authorlink= Nick Yee|coauthors= |date=2006-08-29 |work= The Daedalus Project}}</ref>

Many players report that the emotions they feel while playing an MMORPG are very strong, to the extent that 8.7% of male and 23.2% of female players in a statistical study have had an online wedding.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nickyee.com/daedalus/archives/000467.php|title= An Ethnography of MMORPG Weddings|accessdate = 2007-05-16 |author = Yee, Nick|authorlink= Nick Yee|coauthors= |date=2006-08-29 |work= The Daedalus Project}}</ref> Other researchers have found that the enjoyment of a game is directly related to the social organization of a game, ranging from brief encounters between players to highly organized play in structured groups.<ref name="nardi harris">Nardi, Harris (2006), Strangers and Friends: Collaborative Play in World of Warcraft, Proceedings of the 2006 20th anniversary conference on Computer supported cooperative work</ref>

[[Richard Bartle]] has classified multiplayer RPG-players into four primary psychological groups. His classifications were then expanded upon by Erwin Andreasen, who developed the concept into the thirty-question [[Bartle Test]] that helps players determine which category they are associated with. With over 200,000 test responses as of 2006, this is perhaps the largest ongoing survey of multiplayer game players.<ref name="bartletest">Bartle Test of Gamer Psychology, http://www.guildcafe.com/bartle.php</ref>

In ''[[World of Warcraft]]'', a programming glitch attracted the attention of psychologists and epidemiologists across North America, when the "[[Corrupted Blood]]" ability of a monster began to spread unintentionally into the wider game world. The Center for Disease Control used the incident as a research model to chart both the progression of a disease, and the potential human response to large-scale epidemic infection.<ref name="CDCP">{{cite web|last= |first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=[[2005-01-04]] |url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=131791 |title=Looking Back... World of Warcraft |format= |work= |pages= |publisher=[[Computer and Video Games (magazine)|CVG]] | language= |accessdate=2006-08-05 |accessyear= |curly= }}</ref>

==Economics==
{{see also|Real-money trading}}
[[Image:evemarketscreen.png|thumb|280px|right|A user browsing the market for items in [[EVE Online]]]]

Many MMORPGs feature living economies, as virtual items and currency have to be gained through play and have definite value for players.<ref name="Development of Economy">{{cite web| url =http://www.devmaster.net/articles/mmo-economy/part1.php| title =Tips on Developing an MMO Economy, Part I| accessdate = 2007-04-21| last =Privantu| first =Radu| date =[[2007-02-17]]| format = | work = | publisher =DevMaster.net}}</ref> Such a [[virtual economy]] can be analyzed (using data logged by the game)<ref name="Development of Economy" /> and has value in economic research; more significantly, these "virtual" economies can have an impact on the economies of the real world.

One of the early researchers of MMORPGs was [[Edward Castronova]], who demonstrated that a supply-and-demand market exists for virtual items and that it crosses over with the real world.<ref>Castronova, Edward. Synthetic Worlds: The Business and Culture of Online Games. ISBN 0-226-09626-2, University Of Chicago Press</ref> This crossover has some requirements of the game:
* The ability for players to sell an item to each other for in-game (virtual) currency.
* Bartering for items between players for items of similar value.
* The purchase of in-game items for real-world currency.
* Exchanges of real-world currencies for virtual currencies.
* The creation of meta-currencies such as DKP, or Dragon Kill Points, to distribute in-game rewards.<ref>Castronova (2007), Dragon Kill Points: a Summary White Paper, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=958945</ref>

The idea of attaching real-world value to "virtual" items has had a profound effect on players and the game industry, and even the courts. Castronova's first study in 2002 found that a highly liquid (if illegal) currency market existed, with the value of ''Everquest'''s in-game currency exceeding that of the Japanese yen.<ref name="CurrencyExchange">{{cite web |url= http://www.wired.com/news/games/0,2101,55982,00.html|title= Online Game Economies Get Real|accessdate = 2007-05-16 |author= Whiting, Jason|date= 2002-11-06|publisher= [[Wired News]]}}</ref> Some people even make a living by working these virtual economies; these people are often referred to as [[gold farming|gold farmers]], and may be employed in [[game sweatshop]]s.<ref name="Wage Slaves">{{cite web |url= http://www.1up.com/do/feature?cId=3141815|title= Wage Slaves|accessdate = 2007-04-21 |author= Lee, James|date= 2005-07-05|publisher= 1UP.com}}</ref>

Game publishers usually prohibit the exchange of real-world money for virtual goods. However, a number of products actively promote the idea of linking (and directly profiting from) an exchange. Some players of ''[[Second Life]]'' have generated revenues in excess of $100,000.<ref name="SecondLifeEconomy">{{cite web |url= http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_18/b3982001.htm|title= My Virtual Life |accessdate = 2007-05-16 |author= Hof, Robert|date= 2006-05-01|publisher= BusinessWeek}}</ref> However, in the case of ''[[Entropia Universe]]'', the virtual economy and the real-world economy are directly linked. This means that real money can be deposited for game money and vice versa. Real-world items have also been sold for game money in ''Entropia''.

Some of the issues confronting online economies include:

* The use of "bots" or automated programs, that assist some players in accumulating in-game wealth to the disadvantage of other players.<ref name="bots">Robert Shapiro (2003), How online games teach us about economics, http://www.slate.com/id/2078053/</ref>

* The use of unsanctioned auction sites, which has led publishers to seek legal remedies to prevent their use based on intellectual-property claims.<ref name="stopauctions">Blizzard Goes to War, http://terranova.blogs.com/terra_nova/2004/12/blizzard_goes_t.html</ref>

* The emergence of [[virtual crime]], which can take the form of both fraud against the player or publisher of an online game, and even real-life acts of violence stemming from in-game transactions.<ref>BBC News (2005), Game Theft led to Fatal Attack, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4397159.stm</ref>

Linking real-world and virtual economies is rare in MMORPGs, as it is generally believed to be detrimental to gameplay (see RuneScape RWT above). If real-world wealth can be used to obtain greater, more immediate rewards than skillful gameplay, the incentive for strategic roleplay and real game involvement is diminished. It could also easily lead to a skewed hierarchy where richer players gain better items, allowing them to take on stronger opponents and level up more quickly than less wealthy but more committed players.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.danwei.org/electronic_games/gambling_your_life_away_in_zt.php|title=Gamble your life away in ZT Online}}</ref>

===Development===

The cost of developing a competitive commercial MMORPG title often exceeds ten million dollars.<ref name="devcost">Adam Carpenter (2003), Applying Risk-Based Analysis to Play Balance RPGs, Gamasutra, http://www.gamasutra.com/features/20030611/carpenter_01.shtml</ref> These projects require multiple disciplines within game design and development such as 3D modeling, 2D art, animation, user interfaces, client/server engineering, database architecture, and network infrastructure.<ref>Jon Radoff (2007), "Anatomy of an MMORPG," ''GuildCafe PlayerVox,'' http://www.guildcafe.com/Vox/04075-Radoff-MMO-Anatomy.html</ref>

The front-end (or client) component of a commercial, modern MMORPG features 3D graphics. As with other modern 3D games, the front-end requires expertise with implementing [[3D engine]]s, real-time [[shader]] techniques and physics simulation. The actual visual content (areas, creatures, characters, weapons, spaceships and so forth) is developed by artists who typically begin with two-dimensional concept art, and later convert these concepts into animated 3D scenes, models and texture maps.<ref name="3d game design">Frank Luna (2006), "3D Game Programming with DirectX 9.0c, a Shader Approach," Worldware Publishing, ISBN 1-59822-016-0</ref>

Developing an MMOG server requires expertise with client/server architecture, network protocols, security, and relational database design. MMORPGs include reliable systems for a number of vital tasks. The server must be able to handle and verify a large number of connections, prevent [[Cheating in online games|cheating]], and apply changes (bug fixes or added content) to the game. A system for recording the game's data at regular intervals, without stopping the game, is also important.<ref name="game server">Jay Lee (2003), Gamasutra, Relational Database Guidelines for MMOGs, http://www.gamasutra.com/resource_guide/20030916/lee_01.shtml</ref>

Maintenance requires sufficient [[Server (computing)|server]]s and [[bandwidth]], and a dedicated support staff. Insufficient resources for maintenance lead to [[lag]] and frustration for the players, and can severely damage the reputation of a game, especially at launch. Care must also be taken to ensure that player population remains at an acceptable level by adding or removing servers ("shards"). [[Peer-to-peer]] MMORPGs could theoretically work cheaply and efficiently in regulating server load, but practical issues such as asymmetrical network bandwidth and CPU-hungry rendering engines make them a difficult proposition. Additionally, they would probably become vulnerable to other problems including new possibilities for [[cheating in online games|cheating]]. The hosted infrastructure for a commercial-grade MMORPG requires the deployment of hundreds (or even thousands) of servers. Developing an affordable infrastructure for an online game requires developers to scale to large numbers of players with less hardware and network investment.<ref name="architecture">GDC Proceedings 2005, Online Game Architecture: Back-End Strategies, http://www.gamasutra.com/gdc2005/features/20050310/esbensen_01.shtml</ref>

In addition, the development team will need to have expertise with the fundamentals of game design: world-building, lore and game mechanics,<ref name="game fundamentals">Chris Crawford (2003), Chris Crawford on Game Design, New Riders Games, ISBN 0-13-146099-4</ref> as well as what makes games fun.<ref name="fun games">Koster and Wright (2004), "A Theory of Fun for Game Design," Paraglyph Press, ISBN 1-932111-97-2</ref>

===Trends as of 2008===
As there are a number of wildly different titles within the genre, and since the genre develops so rapidly, it is difficult to definitively state that the genre is heading in one direction or another. Still, there are a few obvious developments. One of these developments is the [[raid (gaming)|raid]] group quest, or "raid",<ref name="raid trend">{{cite web |url= http://www.mmorpg.com/showFeature.cfm/loadFeature/1028|title= Casual Play: Raiding Needs to Die|accessdate = 2007-05-02 |author= Wilson, Steve|date=[[December 14]] [[2006]]}}</ref> which is an adventure designed for large groups of players (often twenty or more).

Another is the use of [[instance dungeons]]. These are game areas that are "copied" for individual groups, which keeps that group separated from the rest of the game world. This reduces competition, and also has the effect of reducing the amount of data that needs to be sent to and from the server, which reduces lag. ''[[World of Warcraft]]'''s "raids", mentioned above, are often instance dungeons, as are all of the combat areas in ''[[Guild Wars]]''.

Increased amounts of "Player-created content" may be another trend.<ref name="player content trend">Jon Radoff ([[March 20]] [[2007]]), Gamasutra, Five Prescriptions for Viral Games, http://www.gamasutra.com/features/20070320/radoff_01.shtml</ref> From the beginning the Ultima Online world included blank 30-page books that players could write in, collect into personal libraries and trade; in later years players have been able to design and build houses from the ground up. Some non-combat-based MMORPGs rely heavily on player-created content, including everything from simple animations to complete buildings using player-created textures and architecture like ''[[A Tale in the Desert]]''. However, these games are very different from the far more popular "standard" MMORPGs revolving around combat and limited character trade skills. Player-created content in these games would be in the form of areas to explore, monsters to kill, quests to carry out and specific in-game items to obtain. ''[[The Saga of Ryzom]]'' was the first of these "standard" MMORPGs to offer players the ability to create this type of content. Again, whether or not this becomes mainstream is anyone's guess.

The use of licenses, common in other video game genres, has also appeared in MMORPGs. 2007 saw the release of ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online]]'', based on [[J. R. R. Tolkien's]] [[Middle-earth]]. Other licensed MMORPGs include ''[[The Matrix Online]]'', based on the ''Matrix'' trilogy of films, ''[[Warhammer Online]]'', based on [[Games Workshop]]s [[Warhammer Fantasy Battle|tabletopgame]], ''[[Star Trek Online]]'' and ''[[Star Wars Galaxies]]''. Additionally, several licenses from television have been optioned for MMORPGs, for example ''[[Stargate Worlds]]'', which is currently in development. The process is also apparently being applied in reverse, with [[James Cameron]] designing an MMORPG that will ''precede'' a film (''[[Project 880]]'') to which it is tied.<ref name="Cameron">James Cameron's Game Theory, Business Week ([[13 February]] [[2006]]) http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/06_07/b3971073.htm</ref>

The introduction of free trials, making titles into [[shareware]], has also become more common, as developers expect that players will become "hooked" by their worlds and begin to pay for them. ''[[World of Warcraft]]'', ''[[The Lord of the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar]]'', ''[[Dungeons & Dragons Online: Stormreach]]'', ''[[Final Fantasy XI]]'', ''[[City Of Heroes]]'', ''[[Lineage II]]'',''[[City of Villains]]'' and ''[[EVE Online]]'' have all incorporated short free-play periods with the creation of game accounts, while others, like ''[[Anarchy Online]]'', ''[[RuneScape]]'', and ''[[Rappelz]]'' have unlimited [[free-to-play]] periods, though with caveats; these titles may display in-game advertisements to non-paying customers, or restrict some content. In an attempt to make players pay for the game, most MMORPG's give distinct advantages to those who pay, including better armor and weapons.

Another trend that has shown great presence in MMORPGs is "player-driven" gameplay. Player-driven gameplay relies on the players themselves for events and wars, instead of having these things come from non-player characters (NPCs). Although all MMORPGs try to maximize player interactions, as it provides immersion, some take the concept to an extreme. One example is ''[[Shadowbane]]'', which provides neither quests nor dungeons, and instead has players enlisting each other to control land, properties, provinces, and nations.

===Non-corporate development===
Though the vast majority of MMORPGs are produced by companies, many small teams of programmers and artists have attempted to contribute to the genre. As shown above, the average MMORPG development project requires enormous investments of time and money, and running the game can be a long-term commitment. As a result, non-corporate (or independent, or "[[Indie game|indie]]") development of MMORPGs is less common compared with other genres. Still, many independent MMORPGs do exist, representing a wide spectrum of genres, gameplay types, and revenue systems.

<!-- DO NOT ADD your favorite amateur development effort here without discussing it on the Talk page first. If you add something without discussing it first, it will be reverted, no questions asked. Note that the games listed here are in production, not BETA, and have Wikipedia pages – if your page cannot survive on Wikipedia, it is unlikely that it will stay on this page either. Click the "Discuss this page" link to start a discussion on why you think your game should be added. -->
Some independent MMORPG projects are completely [[open source]], while others like ''[[PlaneShift]]'' and ''[[Minions of Mirth]]'' feature proprietary content made with an open-source game engine. The developers of ''[[Endless Online RPG|Endless Online]]'' have also released development information with details about their coding.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.endless-online.com/information.html|title=Endless Online Technical Information|accessmonthday=11|accessdaymonth=March |accessyear=2007}}</ref>

The [[WorldForge]] project has been active since 1998 and formed a community of independent developers who are working on creating framework for a number of open-source MMORPGs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldforge.org/doc/history|title=WorldForge History|accessmonthday=11|accessdaymonth =March|accessyear=2007|first=Bryce|}}</ref> The [[Multiverse Network]] is also creating a network and platform specifically for independent MMOG developers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.multiverse.net/about/index.jsp?cid=5&scid=0|title=About Multiverse|accessmonthday=11|accessdaymonth=March| accessyear=2007|publisher=[[Multiverse]]}}</ref> The [[Torque MMO Kit]] can be used to create massive multiplayer online roleplaying games and is intended for indie developers who can't afford or don't want to pay for expensive engines. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mmoworkshop.com|title=MMOWorkshop.com|accessmo nthday=01|accessdaymonth=January|accessyear=2008}} </ref>

==Pop culture references==

MMORPGs were at the center of the plot of the ''[[Make Love, Not Warcraft]]'' episode of the [[Comedy Central]] TV series ''[[South Park]]'', the ''[[Marge Gamer]]'' episode of the [[Fox]] TV series ''[[The Simpsons]]'', the ''[[Dungeons and Wagons]]'' episode of ''[[American Dad!]]'', and the ''Primacy'' episode of the [[CBS]] TV series ''[[NUMB3RS]]'' (Season 4, episode 7).{{fact|date=April 2008}}

Also, the main plot of the episode [[Virtu-Ron]] of the [[Disney Channel]] series ''[[Kim Possible]]'' focused around an MMORPG called ''EverLot'', a parody of [[EverQuest]].{{fact|date=April 2008}}

==See also==
<!-- Please do not link individual game articles here. Instead put them in the "List of MMORPGs" article. -->
<!-- Please check whether you can add a Wiki link to a previous phrase in the article itself, rather than add a link here. Save this for something that couldn't be touched upon elsewhere in the article for some reason. -->
* [[History of MMORPGs]]
* [[List of MMORPGs]]
* [[List of free MMOGs]]
* [[List of text-based MMORPGs]]
* [[Comparison of MMORPGs]]
* [[Massively multiplayer online first-person shooter|MMOFPS]]
* [[Massively multiplayer online real-time strategy|MMORTS]]
* [[Private server]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
<!-- DO NOT ADD your pet site here without discussing it on the Talk page first. If you add a site without discussing it first, it will be reverted, no questions asked. Click the "Discuss this page" link to start a discussion on why you think your site should be added. -->
* [http://www.mmogchart.com/ MMOGCHART.COM] A site with subscription statistics of a large number of MMO games
* [http://www.nickyee.com/daedalus The Daedalus Project] – Nick Yee's ongoing survey study of MMORPG players. Demographics, narratives and essays.
* [http://archive.gamespy.com/amdmmog/ Massively Multiplayer Online Games] – A set of articles posted at Gamespy.com, concerning the past, present, and future of the genre.
* [http://www.driftreality.com/london/mmorpg.1.html Evolution of MMORPGs] – An article from Jiyan Wei on the role of the ordinary user in shaping MMORPGs.

{{VideoGameGenre}}

[[Category:Video game genres]]
[[Category:Massively multiplayer online role-playing games| ]]

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Credits to WikiPedia.org

[#21]

{{wiktionarypar|spam|SPAM}}
{{selfref|For spam on Wikipedia, see [[Wikipedia:Spam]] and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam]]}}
'''Spam''' originally referred to '''[[Spam (food)|Spam]]''' (also written as SPAM), a canned meat product sold by the [[Hormel|Hormel Foods Corporation]]. Since then, many other uses of the term have emerged.
* [[Spam (Monty Python)]], a Monty Python comedy sketch. The "Spam" in the sketch refers specifically to the meat. Most later uses of "spam" refer in one way or another to undesirable repetition, and this sketch is considered to be the most likely source of such uses of the term.
====Repetitious meanings====
* [[Spam (electronic)]], unsolicited or undesired bulk electronic messages. There are many types of electronic spam, including
**[[E-mail spam]], unsolicited e-mail
**[[Mobile phone spam]], unsolicited text messages
**[[Forum spam]], posting advertisements or useless posts on a forum
**[[Spamdexing]], manipulating a search engine to create the illusion of popularity for webpages
**[[Spam in blogs]], posting random comments or promoting commercial services to blogs, wikis, guestbooks
**[[Newsgroup spam]], advertisement and forgery on newsgroups
**[[Messaging spam]] ("SPIM"), use of instant messenger services for advertisement or even extortion
* [[Spam (computer game)]], to repeatedly use one weapon or tactic. This term is based on the technological meaning of "undesired bulk electronic message"
* [[Flyposting]] ("street spam"), illegal blanket advertising in public places
**[[Fighting for SPAM]] ('''Bargain, £1 Newspaper Holidays''') From James Villas TV Advert,[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtYwDk1GAwU] where they race to the food to the tune of "Run rabbit run" and fight for the Cold Cuts. A London based nickname given to the mainly "Northern" Holiday Makers (Also called '''Spam Fighters''')
*[[sPam]] a nickname that can be given to a co-worker

====Songs====
Two songs named "Spam" have been released, neither of which has any connection to either the Monty Python sketch nor to the electronic uses of the term that came afterwards. Both are about the original meat product.
* [[Spam (song)]], a song by "Weird Al" Yankovic. It is a parody of ''Stand'' by R.E.M
* "Spam" was a song on the album [[It Means Everything]] by the [[ska]] band [[Save Ferris]]

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Credits to Wikipedia.org

Spam

[#21]

History

See also: Timeline of video arcade game history

The first popular "arcade games" were early amusement park midway games such as Shooting galleries, ball toss games, and the earliest coin-operated machines, such as those which claim to tell a person their fortune or played mechanical music. The old midways of 1920s-era amusement parks (such as Coney Island in New York) provided the inspiration and atmosphere of later arcade games.

In the 1930s, the earliest coin-operated pinball machines were made. These early amusement devices were distinct from their later electronic cousins in that they were made of wood, did not have plungers or lit-up bonus surfaces on the playing field, and used mechanical instead of electronic scoring readouts. By around 1977, most pinball machines in production switched to using solid state electronics for both operation and scoring.[1]
History of…
Video games
Video game consoles

First generation (1972–1977)
Second generation (1976–1984)
Video game crash of 1983
Third generation (1983–1992)
Fourth generation (1987–1996)
Fifth generation (1993–2002)
Sixth generation (1998–2006)
Seventh generation (2004–)
Arcade games

Golden Age of Arcade Games

In 1971, students at Stanford University set up the Galaxy Game, a coin-operated version of the Spacewar computer game. This is the earliest known instance of a coin-operated video game. Later in the same year, Nolan Bushnell created the first mass-manufactured such game, Computer Space, for Nutting Associates.

In 1972, Atari was formed by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney. Atari essentially created the coin-operated video game industry with the game Pong, the smash hit electronic ping pong video game. Pong proved to be popular, but imitators helped keep Atari from dominating the fledging coin-operated video game market. Video game arcades sprang up in shopping malls, and small "corner arcades" appeared in restaurants, grocery stores, bars and movie theaters all over the United States and other countries during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Games such as Space Invaders (197, Galaxian (1979), Pac-Man (1980), Battlezone (1980), and Donkey Kong (1981) were especially popular.

During the late 70s and 80s, chains such as Chuck E Cheese, Ground Round, Dave and Busters, and Gatti's Pizza combined the traditional restaurant and/or bar environment with arcades. [2]

By the late-1980s, the arcade video game craze was beginning to fade due to the reputation of arcades as being seedy, unsafe places as well as the advances in home video game console technology. Arcade video games experienced a resurgence with the advent of two-player fighting games such as Street Fighter II (1991) by Capcom, Mortal Kombat (1992) by Midway Games, Fatal Fury (1992), Killer Instinct (1994) by Rare, and King of Fighters (1994-2005) by SNK.

However by 1996, home video game consoles and computers with 3D accelerator cards had reached technological parity with arcade equipment—arcade games had always been based on commodity technology, but their advantage over previous generations of home system was in their ability to customize and use the latest graphics and sound chips, much as PC games of today do. Declines in arcade sales volume meant that this approach was no longer cost-effective. Furthermore, by the late 1990s and early 2000s, networked gaming via console and computers across the Internet had also appeared[3], replacing the venue of head to head competition and social atmosphere once provided solely by arcades[4].

The arcades also lost their status as the forefront of new game releases. Given the choice between playing a game at an arcade three or four times (perhaps 15 minutes of play for a typical arcade game), and renting, at about the same price, the exact same game—for a video game console—the console was the clear winner. Fighting games were the most attractive feature for arcades, since they offered the prospect of face-to-face competition and tournaments, which correspondingly led players to practice more (and spend more money in the arcade), but they could not support the business all by themselves.
Recent 20th anniversary arcade machine, combining two or more classic video games.
Recent 20th anniversary arcade machine, combining two or more classic video games.

To remain viable, arcades added other elements to compliment the video games such as redemption games, merchandisers, and food service. Referred to as "fun centers" or "family fun centers" [5], some of the longstanding chains such as Chuck E. Cheese and Gatti's Pizza ("GattiTowns")[6] also changed to this format. Many old video game arcades have long since closed, and classic coin-operated games have become largely the province of dedicated hobbyists.

Today's arcades have found a niche in games that use special controllers largely inaccessible to home users. An alternative interpretation (one which includes fighting games, which continue to thrive and require no special controller) is that the arcade game is now a more socially-oriented hangout, with games that focus on an individual's performance, rather than the game's content, as the primary form of novelty. Examples of today's popular genres are rhythm games such as Dance Dance Revolution (199 and DrumMania (1999), and rail shooters such as House of the Dead (199 and Time Crisis.

[edit] Technology

Virtually all modern arcade games (other than the very traditional midway-type games at county fairs) make extensive use of solid state electronics and integrated circuits. In the past coin-operated arcade video games generally used custom per-game hardware often with multiple CPUs, highly specialized sound and graphics chips and/or boards, and the latest in computer graphics display technology. Recent arcade game hardware is often based on modified video game console hardware or high end pc components. Sometimes, arcade games are controllable via more immersing and realistic means than either PC or console games, and feature specialized ambiance or control accessories, including fully enclosed dynamic cabinets with force feedback controls, dedicated lightguns, rear-projection displays, reproductions of car or plane cockpits and even motorcycle or horse-shaped controllers, or even highly dedicated controllers such as dancing mats and fishing rods. These accessories are usually what set modern arcade games apart from PC or console games, as they are usually too bulky, expensive and specialized to be used with typical home PCs and consoles.

[edit] Arcade genre

Arcade games often have very short levels, simple and intuitive control schemes, and rapidly increasing difficulty. This is due to the environment of the Arcade, where the player is essentially renting the game for as long as their in-game avatar can stay alive (or until they run out of tokens).

Games on consoles or PCs can be referred to as an "arcade game" if it shares these qualities, or if it's a direct port of an arcade title. Many independent developers are now producing games in the arcade genre that are designed specifically for use on the Internet. These games are usually designed with Flash/Java/DHTML and run directly in web-browsers.

Arcade racing games are those which have a simplified physics engine and do not require much learning time, in opposition to racing simulators. Cars can turn sharply without losing speed or overdrifting, and the AI rivals are sometimes programmed so they are always near the player (rubberband effect).

Arcade flight games also use simplified physics and controls in comparison to flight simulators. These are meant to have an easy learning curve, in order to preserve their action component. Increasing numbers of console flight arcade games, from Crimson Skies to Secret Weapons Over Normandy indicate the falling of manual-heavy flight sim popularity in favor of instant arcade flight action. [7]

[edit] Emulation

Main article: Console emulator#Legal issues

Emulators such as MAME, which can be run on modern computers and a number of other devices, aim to preserve the antiquated games of the past, but have been subject to controversy; users are asked not to emulate games they do not actually own, but many abuse this system and download games they do not own, thus violating copyright.

[edit] Locations

In addition to restaurants and video arcades, arcade games are also found in bowling alleys, college campuses, dormitories, laundromats, movie theatres, supermarkets, shopping malls, airports, truck stops, bar/pubs, hotels, and even bakeries. In short, arcade games are popular in places open to the public where people are likely to be waiting on something.


Wikipedia.org

SPAM THIS THREAD UP

[#21]

Hatred is a word to describe immense feelings of dislike toward a person or a thing, as well as prejudice or bigotry against a class of people, racism being a prominent example of this. The term hate crime is used to designate crimes committed out of hatred in this sense; An intense feeling towards someone or something, wanting to kill, or harm a person, in feelings of dislike.

In English, the subject of hatred of a thing is generally given the prefix mis- or anti-, e.g.: misanthropy, misogyny, misandry, antisemitism, etc.


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[Illusion]

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[WhAcK]

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[Dalpra]

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[Torque1992]

Let's make a HUGE thread with hundreds of pages. You can do ANYTHING YOU WANT here. Double posting is allowed etc. You can do anything, I repeat, anything except post porn or anything illegal.

[#21]

dont copy me you noob

[Torque1992]

Originally Posted by #21

dont copy me you noob

Let's make a HUGE thread with hundreds of pages. You can do ANYTHING YOU WANT here. Double posting is allowed etc. You can do anything, I repeat, anything except post porn or anything illegal.

[#21]

stop copying me leecher =)

[XoX]

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[#21]

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[#21]

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[pure2thabone]

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